『디도와 에네아스』(Dido and Aeneas), 작곡: 헨리 퍼셀(Henry Purcell), 대본: 테이트(Nahum Tate)가 자신의 연극 『알바의 브루투스』(Brutus in Alba, 1678)를 오페라 대본으로 각색한 것. 원래 프롤로그와 수많은 무용곡이 있었는데 그 음악이 전해오지 않는다. 초연: 1689 런던.
영국 오페라는 17세기에 이렇다 할 전통이 없었다. 있었다고 하면 연극에 음악을 붙였거나 마스크(masque)라는 프랑스 궁정발레(ballet de cour)와 유사한 무대극이 있었다. 마스크는 음악이 주가 아니라 주변적 요소에 속했다. 그래서 마스크를 위한 대본은 전해오지만 작곡된 전체가 남은 음악이 없다. 퍼셀의『디도와 에네아스』는 -소실된 음악 부분이 있긴 해도- 그 상당 부분의 음악이 남아 있는 예외현상이다. 이 오페라는 레치타티보와 아리아는 이태리식, 발레는 프랑스식, 합창은 영국식이라는 평가를 받는다.
유일한 퍼셀의 오페라 디도와 에네아스는 무용가였던 죠시아스 프리스트(Josias Priest)의 여학생 기숙사에서 초연되었다. 사람들은 이 작품이 윌리엄 왕자와 메리 공주의 대관식(1689.4.11)과 관계가 있을 것으로 추정한다. 퍼셀은 자신의 스승이었던 존 블로우(John Blow)의 모델을 충실히 따랐다. 스승의 작품 『비너스와 아도니스』(Venus and Adonis) 역시 프롤로그와 3막으로 구성되었다. 내용적으로 비슷한 비극적 사랑의 이야기이고, 무용과 합창이 중요한 점도 그러하다. 테이트의 대본은 버질의 에네아스 제4권을 기본으로 한 것이다. 또한 영국과 홀란드의 전쟁(1672)에서 암스테르담을 카르타고로, 영국을 로마로 상징하던 내용을 담고 있는데, 이는 윌리엄 왕자가 국가를 잘 보살필 것을 바라는 뜻이 담겨있다.
무용이 많은 것은 륄리의 발레 음악과 영국의 가면극 전통과 관련이 있다. 퍼셀은 아리아를 이태리 모델을 따른 것이다. 반음계적으로 진행하는 유명한 아리아『아 벨린다』는 이태리의 라멘토(lamento, 탄식가) 전통을 따르는 것이다.
레치타티보는 규칙적 박자를 따르면서도 의미를 표현하는 일에 주력한다.
디도와 에네아스는 1700년에는 세익스피어의 『자(尺)에는 자로』(Measure for measure)의 막간극으로 공연되었다. 악보 원본은 전해오지 않는다. 결함이 있는 악보지만 가장 처음 출판된 것은 1841에 있었다. 덴트(Edward J. Dent, 1925)의 판본이 가장 흔히 사용된다. 현재는 한 시간짜리 작은 오페라이지만, 원래 있었을 것으로 추정되는 긴 발레(17개)를 위한 음악이 전해오지 않기 때문에 본래 규모가 있는 음악극이었을 것으로 추정된다.
줄거리
1막. 파괴된 트로이 대신에 새로운 도시를 세우려고 에네아스는 이태리로 간다. 그는 폭풍에 떠밀려 카르타고에 도달한다. 그 곳의 여왕 디도는 에네아스를 사랑하게 된다. 벨린다가 디도의 연애를 거든다. 에네아스도 디도를 사랑하게 되고, 본래의 여행 계획은 자꾸 뒤로 밀린다.
2막. 디도의 친구인 마녀가 디도를 곤경에 빠트리기 위해 꾀를 낸다. 마녀는 에네아스가 어쩔 수 없이 떠날 수밖에 없도록 음모를 꾸민. 디도와 에네아스는 다가오는 폭풍 때문에 숲속 소풍과 사냥을 중단하게 된다. 디도와 신하들은 성읍으로 돌아간다. 마녀가 보낸 귀신은 에네아스에게 그가 했어야 할 일을 기억하게 하고 쥬피터가 곧장 그 일을 하랍신다고 말한다.
3막. 뱃사람들이 떠날 준비를 한다. 마녀는 에네아스가 디도에게 자신의 결심을 직접 말하지 않았기에 너무 실망이 커서 죽을 것이라고 예언한다. 디도는 벨린다와 신하들 앞에서 자신의 운명을 한탄한다. 벨린다는 에네아스가 아직도 여왕을 사랑한다 말하지만 디도는 그 말을 믿을 수 없다. 그녀는 신의 명령이라서 가야한다는 것은 변명으로 생각한다. 에네아스는 쥬피터의 뜻을 거슬러서라도 그녀에게 남을 것이라고 말하지만 그녀는 받아들이지 않는다. 그가 그런 생각을 한 것만으로도 배신이라고 그녀는 생각한다. 에네아스가 떠나자 그녀는 절망에 빠지며 죽음만이 길이라고 탄식한다. 그녀는 심장이 터져 죽는다.
등록일자: 2005-03-07
홍정수
대본:
ACT I
OVERTURE
Scene: The Palace
(enter Dido, Belinda and train)
BELINDA
Shake the cloud from off your brow,
Fate your wishes does allow;
Empire growing,
Pleasures flowing,
Fortune smiles and so should you.
CHORUS
Banish sorrow, banish care,
Grief should ne'er approach the fair.
DIDO
Ah! Belinda, I am prest
With torment not to be Confest,
Peace and I are strangers grown.
I languish till my grief is known,
Yet would not have it guest.
BELINDA
Grief increases by concealing,
DIDO
Mine admits of no revealing.
BELINDA
Then let me speak; the Trojan guest
Into your tender thoughts has prest;
The greatest blessing Fate can give
Our Carthage to secure and Troy revive.
CHORUS
When monarchs unite, how happy their state,
They triumph at once o'er their foes and their fate.
DIDO
Whence could so much virtue spring?
What storms, what battles did he sing?
Anchises' valour mixt with Venus' charms
How soft in peace, and yet how fierce in arms!
BELINDA
A tale so strong and full of woe
Might melt the rocks as well as you.
What stubborn heart unmov'd could see
Such distress, such piety?
DIDO
Mine with storms of care opprest
Is taught to pity the distrest.
Mean wretches' grief can touch,
So soft, so sensible my breast,
But ah! I fear, I pity his too much.
BELINDA AND SECOND WOMAN
(Repeated by Chorus)
Fear no danger to ensue,
The Hero Loves as well as you,
Ever gentle, ever smiling,
And the cares of life beguiling,
Cupid strew your path with flowers
Gather'd from Elysian bowers.
DANCE THIS CHORUS
THE BASKE
(Aeneas enters with his train)
BELINDA
See, your Royal Guest appears,
How Godlike is the form he bears!
AENEAS
When, Royal Fair, shall I be blest
With cares of love and state distrest?
DIDO
Fate forbids what you pursue.
AENEAS
Aeneas has no fate but you!
Let Dido smile and I'll defy
The feeble stroke of Destiny.
CHORUS
Cupid only throws the dart
That's dreadful to a warrior's heart,
And she that wounds can only cure the smart.
AENEAS
If not for mine, for Empire's sake,
Some pity on your lover take;
Ah! make not, in a hopeless fire
A hero fall, and Troy once more expire.
BELINDA
Pursue thy conquest, Love; her eyes
Confess the flame her tongue denies.
A DANCE. GITTARS CHACONY.
CHORUS
To the hills and the vales, to the rocks and the mountains
To the musical groves and the cool shady fountains.
Let the triumphs of love and of beauty be shown,
Go revel, ye Cupids, the day is your own.
THE TRIUMPHING DANCE
ACT II
Scene: The Cave (enter Sorceress)
(PRELUDE FOR THE WITCHES)
SORCERESS
Wayward sisters, you that fright
The lonely traveller by night
Who, like dismal ravens crying,
Beat the windows of the dying,
Appear! Appear at my call, and share in the fame
Of a mischief shall make all Carthage flame.
Appear!
(enter Enchantresses)
FIRST WITCH
Say, Beldam, say what's thy will.
CHORUS
Harm's our delight and mischief all our skill.
SORCERESS
The Queen of Carthage, whom we hate,
As we do all in prosp'rous state,
Ere sunset, shall most wretched prove,
Depriv'd of fame, of life and love!
CHORUS
Ho, ho, ho, ho, ho, ho! (etc.)
TWO WITCHES
Ruin'd ere the set of sun?
Tell us, how shall this be done?
SORCERESS
The Trojan Prince, you know, is bound
By Fate to seek Italian ground;
The Queen and he are now in chase.
FIRST WITCH
Hark! Hark! the cry comes on apace.
SORCERESS
But, when they've done, my trusty Elf
In form of Mercury himself
As sent from Jove shall chide his stay,
And charge him sail tonight with all his fleet away.
CHORUS
Ho, ho, ho, ho, ho, ho! (etc.)
(Enter a Drunken Sailor; a dance)
TWO WITCHES
But ere we this perform,
We'll conjure for a storm
To mar their hunting sport
And drive 'em back to court.
CHORUS
(in the manner of an echo.)
In our deep vaulted cell the charm we'll prepare,
Too dreadful a practice for this open air.
ECHO DANCE
(Enchantresses and Fairies)
Scene: The Grove (enter Aeneas, Dido, Belinda, and their train)
RITORNELLE (Orchestra)
BELINDA
(Repeated by Chorus)
Thanks to these lovesome vales,
These desert hills and dales,
So fair the game, so rich the sport,
Diana's self might to these woods resort.
GITTER GROUND A DANCE
SECOND WOMAN
Oft she visits this lov'd mountain,
Oft she bathes her in this fountain;
Here Actaeon met his fate,
Pursued by his own hounds,
And after mortal wounds
Discover'd, discover'd too late.
(A Dance to entertain Aeneas by Dido's women)
AENEAS
Behold, upon my bending spear
A monster's head stands bleeding,
With tushes far exceeding
Those did Venus' huntsman tear.
DIDO
The skies are clouded, hark! how thunder
Rends the mountain oaks a sunder.
BELINDA
(Repeated by Chorus)
Haste, haste to town, this open field
No shelter from the storm can yield.
(exeunt Dido and Belinda and train)
(The Spirit of the Sorceress descends
to Aeneas in the likeness of Mercury)
SPIRIT
Stay, Prince and hear great Jove's command;
He summons thee this Night away.
AENEAS
Tonight?
SPIRIT
Tonight thou must forsake this land,
The Angry God will brook no longer stay.
Jove commands thee, waste no more
In Love's delights, those precious hours,
Allow'd by th'Almighty Powers
To gain th' Hesperian shore
And ruined Troy restore.
AENEAS
Jove's commands shall be obey'd,
Tonight our anchors shall be weighed.
(Exit Spirit.)
But ah! what language can I try
My injur'd Queen to Pacify:
No sooner she resigns her heart,
But from her arms I'm forc'd to part.
How can so hard a fate be took?
One night enjoy'd, the next forsook.
Yours be the blame, ye gods! For I
Obey your will, but with more ease could die.
THE SORCERESS AND HER ENCHANTRESSES (CHORUS)
Then since our Charmes have sped,
A Merry Dance be led
By the Nymphs of Carthage to please us.
They shall all Dance to ease us,
A Dance that shall make the Spheres to wonder,
Rending those fair Groves asunder.
THE GROVES DANCE
ACT III
Scene: The Ships
(enter the Sailors, the Sorceress, and her Enchantresses)
PRELUDE
FIRST SAILOR
(Repeated by Chorus)
Come away, fellow sailors, your anchors be weighing.
Time and tide will admit no delaying.
Take a bouzy short leave of your nymphs on the shore,
And silence their mourning
With vows of returning
But never intending to visit them more.
THE SAILORS' DANCE
SORCERESS
See the flags and streamers curling
Anchors weighing, sails unfurling.
FIRST WITCH
Phoebe's pale deluding beams
Guilding more deceitful streams.
SECOND WITCH
Our plot has took,
The Queen's forsook.
TWO WITCHES
Elissa's ruin'd, ho, ho!
Our plot has took,
The Queen's forsook, ho, ho!
SORCERESS
Our next Motion
Must be to storme her Lover on the Ocean!
From the ruin of others our pleasures we borrow,
Elissa bleeds tonight, and Carthage flames tomorrow.
CHORUS
Destruction's our delight
Delight our greatest sorrow!
Elissa dies tonight and Carthage flames tomorrow.
(Jack of the the Lanthorn leads the Spaniards out of
their way among the Enchantresses.)
A DANCE
(Enter Dido, Belinda and train)
DIDO
Your counsel all is urged in vain
To Earth and Heav'n I will complain!
To Earth and Heav'n why do I call?
Earth and Heav'n conspire my fall.
To Fate I sue, of other means bereft
The only refuge for the wretched left.
BELINDA
See, Madam, see where the Prince appears;
Such Sorrow in his looks he bears
As would convince you still he's true.
(enter Aeneas)
AENEAS
What shall lost Aeneas do?
How, Royal Fair, shall I impart
The God's decree, and tell you we must part?
DIDO
Thus on the fatal Banks of Nile,
Weeps the deceitful crocodile
Thus hypocrites, that murder act,
Make Heaven and Gods the authors of the Fact.
AENEAS
By all that's good ...
DIDO
By all that's good, no more!
All that's good you have forswore.
To your promis'd empire fly
And let forsaken Dido die.
AENEAS
In spite of Jove's command, I'll stay.
Offend the Gods, and Love obey.
DIDO
No, faithless man, thy course pursue;
I'm now resolv'd as well as you.
No repentance shall reclaim
The injur'd Dido's slighted flame.
For 'tis enough, whate'er you now decree,
That you had once a thought of leaving me.
AENEAS
Let Jove say what he will: I'll stay!
DIDO
Away, away! No, no, away!
AENEAS
No, no, I'll stay, and Love obey!
DIDO
To Death I'll fly
If longer you delay;
Away, away!.....
(Exit Aeneas)
But Death, alas! I cannot shun;
Death must come when he is gone.
CHORUS
Great minds against themselves conspire
And shun the cure they most desire.
DIDO
(Cupids appear in the clouds o're her tomb)
Thy hand, Belinda, darkness shades me,
On thy bosom let me rest,
More I would, but Death invades me;
Death is now a welcome guest.
When I am laid in earth, May my wrongs create
No trouble in thy breast;
Remember me, but ah! forget my fate.
CHORUS
With drooping wings you Cupids come,
To scatter roses on her tomb.
Soft and Gentle as her Heart
Keep here your watch, and never part.
CUPIDS DANCE
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